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Empowering maritime First Nations: Improving treaty rights under the Marshall decision

First Nations have a treaty right to greater space in regional and national economies, and the Crown has an obligation to help them achieve this outcome.

June 5, 2025
in Agriculture and Agri-Food, Latest News, Indigenous Affairs, Indigenous Affairs papers, Papers, Ken Coates
Reading Time: 8 mins read
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Empowering maritime First Nations: Improving treaty rights under the Marshall decision

By Ken S. Coates
June 5, 2025

PDF of paper

Executive Summary | Sommaire (le français suit)

In 1999, the Supreme Court of Canada made a historic decision that transformed the country’s commercial East Coast fishing industry. At the time, First Nations had been locked out of the regional economy for several centuries, despite traditionally engaging in fishing for subsistence and for trade.

In two rulings – the Marshall decision, and a clarification, Marshall 2 – the Supreme Court ruled that First Nations in the Maritimes had the right to fish for commercial purposes under provisions in the Peace and Friendship Treaties signed between their ancestors and the British authorities in the 18th century.

The ruling sparked chaos on the water and at the wharves; First Nations fishers rushed to drop lobster pots and assert their share of the lucrative fishery, while nonIndigenous fishers pushed back at the perceived threat to their livelihoods.

To quell the storm, the federal government allocated millions of dollars to buy back fishing licences and quotas from non-Indigenous fishers, along with boats and gear, and transfer them to First Nations.

The interventions generally worked and secured relative peace on the waters of the East Coast. Hundreds of First Nations people joined the fishing industry and First Nations governments invested in associated businesses. In the intervening quarter-century, First Nations participation in the Maritime fisheries grew substantially.

However, tensions have risen in recent years thanks to several areas of contention:

• First Nations’ frustrations with the slow pace and bureaucratic nature of the Government of Canada’s licence acquisition process.

• The unresolved and controversial “moderate livelihood” provisions in the Supreme Court’s decision.

• The growing frustration among non-Indigenous fishers over their marginalization as the Department of Fisheries and Oceans increasingly works directly – and often exclusively – with First Nations. These tensions are causing increasing difficulties for First Nations anxious to secure attention to their treaty rights.

The government’s current approach – using a “willing seller, willing buyer” method that sees licences and quotas purchased from non-Indigenous fishers and transferred to First Nations – is making the situation worse.

The problem? It is too Ottawa-centric: a slow and bureaucratic top-down approach that leaves First Nations beholden to the federal government and unable to chart their own courses in the industry and beyond. It also fails to address the needs of First Nations that either are unable or do not want to fully participate in the Maritime fisheries and would prefer to expand their commercial opportunities under Marshall elsewhere in the wider economy.

It’s clear that new approaches are urgently needed. These could include:

• Expanding First Nations access to the fisheries through more creative means, including by working with non-Indigenous fishers (through the purchase of partial licences and quotas).

• Granting First Nations more autonomy to manage access to the Maritime fishery. For instance, a first Nations-led, region-wide organization – or a series of sub-regional associations – could manage the purchase and allocation of commercial fishing licences much more nimbly and quickly than the current Ottawa-centric approach.

• Offering other financial ways to respect and honour First Nations’ treaty rights under Marshall that go beyond the fisheries.

While the case at the heart of the Marshall decision dealt specifically with the fisheries, the court’s rulings have much wider implications – that First Nations have a treaty right to greater space in regional and national economies, and that the Crown has an obligation to help them achieve this outcome.

The fact is not all First Nations people in the Maritimes are willing or able to work in such a gruelling industry. Many First Nations might prefer to be offered substantial settlement funds in lieu of fishing licences, etc., that could be invested more broadly in the regional economy. These funds could – and should – be directly controlled by First Nations, not the federal government.

Animosity and disrespect between First Nations and non-Indigenous fishers will only lead to further disharmony. First Nations and non-Indigenous communities must work together for the good of everyone living in the region. The only sensible solution is collaboration – building greater prosperity for all.

For this to happen, the Government of Canada must honour the treaties signed between First Nations and the Crown, and give Indigenous communities and their leaders the tools, support, and encouragement to succeed.

Marshall-based commercial fishing rights are part of the solution to Indigenous rights and aspirations. They are not the only way to create economic and commercial opportunity and in no way do the Marshall decision allocations address the potential full suite of treaty rights and obligations owed to First Nations in the Maritimes. For many reasons, the status quo will no longer hold; significant changes are urgently required.

Whatever solutions are found, First Nations rights under the Peace and Friendship Treaties must be respected, ideally in a manner that stabilizes Indigenous-non-Indigenous relations in the region and that conserves the vital commercial resource that is the Maritime fishery.


En 1999, un arrêt historique de la Cour suprême du Canada a profondément transformé l’industrie commerciale de la pêche sur la côte est. Plusieurs siècles auparavant, les Premières Nations avaient été écartées de l’économie régionale, et ce en dépit de leur pratique traditionnelle de la pêche à des fins de subsistance et d’échange.

Dans deux arrêts – Marshall et Marshall 2 (une clarification) – la Cour suprême a statué que les Premières Nations des Maritimes avaient le droit de pratiquer la pêche commerciale en vertu des traités de paix et d’amitié conclus au XVIIIe siècle avec les autorités britanniques.

L’arrêt a semé le chaos en mer et sur les quais, car les pêcheurs autochtones ont rapidement installé leurs casiers à homard et réclamé leur part de la pêche lucrative, tandis que les pêcheurs non autochtones ont manifesté contre la menace perçue pour leur gagne-pain.

Cherchant à calmer la tempête, le gouvernement fédéral a racheté pour des millions de dollars les permis, quotas, bateaux et matériels de pêche des Non-Autochtones et les a transférés ensuite aux Premières Nations.

Dans l’ensemble, ces actions ont réussi à établir une paix relative dans les eaux de la côte est. Des centaines de personnes issues des Premières Nations sont entrées sur ce marché, et les gouvernements autochtones ont investi dans leurs entreprises. Au cours du quart de siècle qui a suivi, la participation des Premières Nations aux pêches dans les Maritimes s’est considérablement accrue.

Cependant, les tensions ont augmenté ces dernières années en raison de plusieurs points litigieux :

• Les frustrations des Premières Nations face à la lenteur et la bureaucratisation du processus gouvernemental d’octroi des permis.

• Les questions restées en suspens et les dispositions controversées dans l’arrêt de la Cour suprême concernant la notion de “subsistance convenable”.

• Le ressentiment grandissant des pêcheurs non autochtones du fait de leur marginalisation, le ministère des Pêches et des Océans travaillant de plus en plus directement – et souvent exclusivement – avec les Premières Nations. Ces tensions causent des difficultés croissantes aux Premières Nations soucieuses de mobiliser l’attention sur leurs droits issus des traités.

La stratégie actuelle du gouvernement – qui repose sur le principe de vente de gré à gré (acheteur consentant, vendeur consentant) pour transférer aux Premières Nations les permis et quotas achetés aux pêcheurs non autochtones – envenime la situation.

Le problème? La stratégie est trop centrée sur Ottawa : cette approche descendante hautement bureaucratique et lente laisse les Premières Nations redevables au gouvernement fédéral et constitue un obstacle à leur intégration dans l’industrie et au-delà. Elle néglige également les besoins des Premières Nations qui, soit par manque de moyens, soit par désintérêt pour les pêches, souhaiteraient, dans le cadre de l’arrêt Marshall, diversifier leurs débouchés commerciaux dans toute l’économie.

Il est urgent de mettre en œuvre de nouvelles stratégies. Elles pourraient comprendre les éléments que voici :

• Faciliter l’accès des Premières Nations aux pêches par des moyens innovants, y compris la collaboration avec les pêcheurs non autochtones (pour l’acquisition de segments de permis et de quotas).

• Accorder plus d’autonomie aux Premières Nations en ce qui concerne la régulation de l’accès aux pêches dans les Maritimes. Par exemple, si l’achat et l’octroi des permis de pêche commerciale étaient administrés par une organisation régionale dirigée par les Autochtones – ou une série d’associations sous-régionales – plutôt que par la méthode centralisée d’Ottawa, le processus serait beaucoup plus fluide et plus rapide.

• Offrir, dans le cadre de l’arrêt Marshall, de nouveaux moyens financiers permettant d’assurer le respect et la valorisation des droits des Premières Nations issus des traités qui vont au-delà de la pêche.

L’affaire Marshall porte précisément sur la pêche, mais la décision rendue par la Cour a des conséquences beaucoup plus vastes : elle reconnait que les Premières Nations ont le droit, en vertu des traités, de jouer un rôle plus important dans les économies des régions et du pays et que la Couronne a l’obligation de les aider pour y parvenir.

Or, il s’avère que ce ne sont pas toutes les Premières Nations des Maritimes qui nourrissent l’espoir ou sont en mesure de travailler dans une industrie aussi rigoureuse. De nombreuses Premières Nations aspirent à obtenir, au lieu de permis de pêche et autre, des fonds d’établissement substantiels à investir dans l’ensemble de l’économie régionale. Ces fonds pourraient – et devraient – être contrôlés par les Premières Nations, non pas par le gouvernement fédéral.

Le mépris et l’hostilité entre les pêcheurs autochtones et non autochtones ne feront qu’exacerber le conflit. Les communautés autochtones et non autochtones doivent travailler ensemble pour le bien de tous dans la région. La seule solution sensée est la collaboration pour la prospérité de tous.

Pour cela, le gouvernement canadien se doit d’honorer les traités entre les Premières Nations et la Couronne, tout en fournissant aux communautés autochtones et à leurs représentants les outils, le soutien et l’appui indispensables pour prospérer.

Les droits de pêche commerciale fondés sur l’arrêt Marshall constituent un aspect de la solution vers les droits et les aspirations des Autochtones. Ils ne sont pas le seul moyen de créer des débouchés économiques et commerciaux et, en aucun cas, les fonds alloués par l’arrêt Marshall ne permettent d’optimiser pleinement tous les droits et obligations issus des traités à l’égard des Premières Nations des Maritimes. Pour diverses raisons, le statu quo ne tient plus; des changements importants s’imposent de toute urgence.

Quelles que soient les solutions trouvées, les droits des Premières Nations en vertu des traités de paix et d’amitié doivent être respectés, idéalement d’une manière qui stabilise les relations entre Autochtones et Non-Autochtones dans la région et qui préserve cette ressource commerciale vitale qu’est la pêche dans les Maritimes.

 

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