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Macdonald-Laurier Institute

Wired for worry: How smartphones and social media are harming Canadian youth

The introduction of smartphones, and with it, ubiquitous social media usage, are clearly key factors in the rise in youth mental health issues seen across the world.

April 15, 2025
in Latest News, AI, Technology and Innovation, Media and Telecoms, Papers, Social Issues
Reading Time: 5 mins read
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Wired for worry: How smartphones and social media are harming Canadian youth

By Jonah Davids
April 15, 2025

PDF of paper

Executive Summary | Sommaire (le français suit)

There is considerable evidence linking social media use to youth mental health issues. In response, Canada and other countries have developed some policies to deal with social media use among young people, but there are more practical options that Canadian policy-makers could take.

Youth mental health issues have been on the rise since the early 2010s, especially among girls, with significant increases in depression, anxiety, and self-harm. In Canada, rates of depressive and anxiety disorders have climbed notably among those aged 15 to 24. This widespread pattern is not limited to Canada, but is apparent across the Anglosphere, which indicates that there is likely some global factor driving the decline in youth mental health. The leading theory, popularized and developed by psychologist Jonathan Haidt, is that these negative trends are driven by social media use.

Time spent on social media now often replaces in-person interaction, exposes users to damaging content, and leads some to interpret normal distress as mental health symptoms. Studies suggest that one to two hours of daily social media use is associated with good mental health, but mental health worsens as use increases beyond that. Studies also tend to find that there are small, negative, and causal effects on mental health from social media use.

The preponderance of the evidence indicates that social media is a major contributor to, and likely a leading cause of, declining youth mental health.

Governments worldwide have started to regulate children’s social media use, often by tackling “online harm” with policies that try to moderate the content posted on these platforms. However, these efforts, such as Canada’s proposed Online Harms Act, which would impose strict punishments for “hate” offences and empower judges to restrict the movement of anyone who could commit an online hate crime in the future, often infringe on privacy and free expression.

Given the risks to free speech and privacy posed by many attempts at social media regulation, Canada should aim for an even-handed policy response that protects the mental health of young people without significantly threatening, privacy, creating new bureaucracies, or demanding complex changes to social media platforms.

Specifically, Canada should:

• Raise the minimum age of social media use to 16.

• Deny government the power to decide what constitutes so-called “harmful” content.

• Fund experimental research on social media and mental health.

• Strengthen school cellphone and social media bans.

• Raise awareness of the downsides of social media.

• Reorient childhood around free play instead of focusing on screen time.

Like any complex social phenomenon, there are likely multiple significant causal factors in play. However, the introduction of smartphones, and with it, ubiquitous social media usage, are clearly key factors in the rise in youth mental health issues seen across the world. To safeguard the mental health of its young, Canada should act now and pursue policies that mitigate social media’s harms as prudently as possible.


De nombreuses preuves attestent d’un lien entre l’utilisation des médias sociaux et les problèmes de santé mentale chez les jeunes. Le Canada, tout comme d’autres pays, a élaboré certaines politiques pour traiter des questions relatives à cette utilisation. Toutefois, les décideurs canadiens pourraient envisager des solutions plus pragmatiques.

Les problèmes de santé mentale augmentent depuis le début des années 2010 chez les jeunes, les jeunes filles en particulier, tandis que la dépression, l’anxiété et l’automutilation sont en nette hausse. En résumé, les taux de troubles dépressifs et anxieux ont fortement grimpé chez les 15 à 24 ans. Cette tendance s’est généralisée dans toute l’Anglosphère, pas seulement au Canada, ce qui suggère qu’un facteur universel pourrait être en cause. D’après la théorie dominante, élaborée et mise de l’avant par le psychologue Jonathan Haidt, ce sont les médias sociaux qui alimentent ce virage nuisible.

Désormais, le temps consacré aux médias sociaux prend souvent la place des conversations en personne, expose à du contenu nocif et en conduit certains à interpréter une inquiétude tout à fait commune comme un signe de mauvaise santé mentale. Les études indiquent que bien qu’une utilisation d’une à deux heures par jour soit associée à une santé mentale saine, il en est autrement une fois cette limite dépassée. Les études tendent aussi à démontrer que les médias sociaux ont un certain nombre d’impacts négatifs mineurs sur la santé mentale.

La prépondérance de la preuve appuie le rôle majeur et vraisemblablement central des médias sociaux dans la détérioration de la santé mentale des jeunes.

Les gouvernements à travers le monde ont entrepris de réglementer l’utilisation des médias sociaux par les enfants, généralement en adoptant des politiques qui visent à combattre les « préjudices en ligne » par le biais d’un contrôle des contenus diffusés. Cependant, ces initiatives portent fréquemment atteinte à la vie privée et à la liberté d’expression, comme la loi que le Canada propose (Loi sur les préjudices en ligne). Cette loi sanctionnerait sévèrement les crimes « haineux » et autoriserait les juges à imposer des restrictions à la liberté de mouvement de toute personne susceptible de commettre éventuellement un acte de haine.

Face aux dangers que les multiples tentatives de réglementation font peser sur la liberté d’expression et la protection de la vie privée, le Canada devrait s’engager à concevoir une politique équilibrée qui protègerait le bien-être mental des jeunes sans compromettre la confidentialité, sans créer de nouvelles bureaucraties et sans réclamer des changements complexes de la part des plateformes de médias sociaux.

Plus précisément, le Canada devrait :

• Élever l’âge minimum requis pour l’utilisation des médias sociaux à 16 ans.

• Refuser au gouvernement le pouvoir de définir ce qui est considéré comme un soi-disant contenu « nuisible ».

• Financer des recherches expérimentales sur les médias sociaux et la santé mentale.

• Renforcer les restrictions sur l’utilisation des cellulaires et des médias sociaux à l’école.

• Sensibiliser aux aspects négatifs des médias sociaux.

• Réorienter l’enfance autour du jeu libre plutôt que de seulement mettre l’accent sur le temps d’écran.

Comme pour tout phénomène social complexe, il est fort probable qu’un certain nombre de facteurs importants soient en jeu. Néanmoins, l’émergence des téléphones intelligents, et avec elle, l’utilisation généralisée des médias sociaux, constitue indéniablement un facteur déterminant dans la hausse des problèmes de santé mentale chez les jeunes à l’échelle mondiale. Pour protéger la santé mentale de sa jeunesse, le Canada se doit d’agir sans tarder et de mettre en œuvre des politiques visant à atténuer les méfaits des médias sociaux, et ce, avec la plus grande prudence possible.

Tags: Jonah Davids

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  • Home
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